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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
This was a unique problem for software developers, since users often became frustrated with current help documents. [2] Some considerations for writing a user guide that developed at this time include: the use of plain language [2] length and reading difficulty [2] the role of printed user guides for digital programs [3] user-centered design [3]
Ultrapure water (UPW), high-purity water or highly purified water (HPW) is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Ultrapure water is a term commonly used in manufacturing to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including organic and inorganic compounds, dissolved and particulate matter, and ...
The reduction of blowdown by dealkalization keeps the water treatment chemicals in the boiler longer, thus minimizing the amount of chemicals required for efficient, noncorrosive operation. [2] Carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities are decomposed by heat in boiler water releasing carbon dioxide into the steam.
In the 1960s scientists recognized that phosphates in water caused eutrophication. [23] There was disagreement at that time about whether water with high phosphate came to have the chemical because of somehow being polluted with it. [23] By the 1970s it was established that high phosphate levels in water were a consequence of pollution. [23]
Dishwasher salt is a particular grade of granulated, crystalline sodium chloride intended for regenerating the water softener circuit of household or industrial dishwashers. Analogous to water softener salt, dishwasher salt regenerates ion exchange resins, expelling the therein trapped calcium and magnesium ions that characterize hard water.
Completely de-gassed ultrapure water has a conductivity of 1.2 × 10 −4 S/m, whereas on equilibration to the atmosphere it is 7.5 × 10 −5 S/m due to dissolved CO 2 in it. [10] The highest grades of ultrapure water should not be stored in glass or plastic containers because these container materials leach (release) contaminants at very low ...
Resolute Forest Products (French: Produits forestiers Résolu), formerly known as AbitibiBowater Inc., is a Canada-based pulp and paper company. [6] [7] Headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, the company was formed in 2007 by the merger of Bowater and Abitibi-Consolidated. [8]