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  2. Photometry (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(optics)

    Many different units of measure are used for photometric measurements. The adjective "bright" can refer to a light source which delivers a high luminous flux (measured in lumens), or to a light source which concentrates the luminous flux it has into a very narrow beam (candelas), or to a light source that is seen against a dark background.

  3. Ocean optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_optics

    Since it is a measurement of a light-to-light ratio, the energy units cancel out, and Rrs has the units of per steradian (sr-1) due to the angular nature of the measurement (upwelling light is measured at a specific angle, and incoming light is measured on a flat plane from a half-hemispherical area above the water surface). [9]

  4. Luminous intensity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_intensity

    In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.

  5. Maximum power point tracking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking

    This is sometimes called the 'characteristic resistance' of the cell. This is a dynamic quantity that changes depending on the level of illumination, as well as other factors such as temperature and cell condition. Lower or higher resistance reduces power output. Maximum power point trackers utilize control circuits or logic to identify this point.

  6. Compensation point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_point

    The light compensation point (I c) is the light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of cellular respiration.At this point, the uptake of CO 2 through photosynthetic pathways is equal to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of O 2 by respiration is equal to the photosynthetic release of oxygen.

  7. Luminance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance

    A tea light-type candle, imaged with a luminance camera; false colors indicate luminance levels per the bar on the right (cd/m 2). Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. [1]

  8. Immersion lithography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_lithography

    In immersion lithography, light travels down through a system of lenses and then a pool of water before reaching the photoresist on top of the wafer.. Immersion lithography is a technique used in semiconductor manufacturing to enhance the resolution and accuracy of the lithographic process.

  9. Marine biogeochemical cycles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles

    Water is the medium of the oceans, the medium which carries all the substances and elements involved in the marine biogeochemical cycles. Water as found in nature almost always includes dissolved substances, so water has been described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve so many substances.