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Eigenmode expansion is a technique to simulate electromagnetic propagation which relies on the decomposition of the electromagnetic fields into a basis set of local eigenmodes that exists in the cross section of the device.
The first step in the SBR method is to use geometrical optics (GO, ray-tracing) for computing equivalent currents, either on metallic structures or on an exit aperture. The scattered field is thereafter computed by integrating these currents using physical optics (PO), by the Kirchhoff's diffraction formula .
The speed of this flow has multiple meanings. In everyday electrical and electronic devices, the signals travel as electromagnetic waves typically at 50%–99% of the speed of light in vacuum. The electrons themselves move much more slowly. See drift velocity and electron mobility.
The current rises so fast that the liquid metal has no time to move out of the way. The unduloids vaporize. The metal vapor creates a lower resistance path, allowing an even higher current to flow. An electric arc is formed, which turns the vapor into plasma. A bright flash of light is also produced.
Ray tracing of a beam of light passing through a medium with changing refractive index.The ray is advanced by a small amount, and then the direction is re-calculated. Ray tracing works by assuming that the particle or wave can be modeled as a large number of very narrow beams (), and that there exists some distance, possibly very small, over which such a ray is locally straight.
The traveling wave on a Leaky-Wave Antenna is a fast wave, with a phase velocity greater than the speed of light. This type of wave radiates continuously along its length, and hence the propagation wavenumber kz is complex, consisting of both a phase and an attenuation constant. Highly directive beams at an arbitrary specified angle can be ...
The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium; a stack of thin films. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is, for example, relevant for the design of anti-reflective coatings and dielectric mirrors .
From the basic one-dimensional plane-wave solutions, a general form of a wave packet can be expressed as (,) = (()). where the amplitude A(k), containing the coefficients of the wave superposition, follows from taking the inverse Fourier transform of a "sufficiently nice" initial wave u(x, t) evaluated at t = 0: = (,) . and / comes from Fourier ...