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An illustration of Stokes' theorem, with surface Σ, its boundary ∂Σ and the normal vector n.The direction of positive circulation of the bounding contour ∂Σ, and the direction n of positive flux through the surface Σ, are related by a right-hand-rule (i.e., the right hand the fingers circulate along ∂Σ and the thumb is directed along n).
The question is whether or not, for all problems for which an algorithm can verify a given solution quickly (that is, in polynomial time), an algorithm can also find that solution quickly. Since the former describes the class of problems termed NP, while the latter describes P, the question is equivalent to asking whether all problems in NP are ...
In particular, the fundamental theorem of calculus is the special case where the manifold is a line segment, Green’s theorem and Stokes' theorem are the cases of a surface in or , and the divergence theorem is the case of a volume in . [2] Hence, the theorem is sometimes referred to as the fundamental theorem of multivariate calculus.
In this notation, Stokes' theorem reads as = . In finite element analysis, the first stage is often the approximation of the domain of interest by a triangulation, T. For example, a curve would be approximated as a union of straight line segments; a surface would be approximated by a union of triangles, whose edges are straight line segments ...
This is considered one of the simplest unsteady problems that has an exact solution for the Navier–Stokes equations. [1] [2] In turbulent flow, this is still named a Stokes boundary layer, but now one has to rely on experiments, numerical simulations or approximate methods in order to obtain useful information on the flow.
The function Ai(x) and the related function Bi(x), are linearly independent solutions to the differential equation =, known as the Airy equation or the Stokes equation. Because the solution of the linear differential equation d 2 y d x 2 − k y = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}-ky=0} is oscillatory for k <0 and exponential for k >0 ...
This solution will not depend upon the function . If this is used for the above equation consisting of Navier stokes equation and continuity equations with time derivative of pressure, then the solution will be same as the stationary solution of the original Navier Stoke problem. This process also introduce the new term artificial time as t→∞.
Discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics is a reformulation of the equations in such a way that they can be applied to computational fluid dynamics. Several methods of discretization can be applied: