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Two criteria to determine the C q are used by different thermocyclers: threshold cycle (C t) is the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross a given value threshold. Usually, the threshold is set above the baseline, about 10 times the standard deviation of the noise of the baseline, [ 1 ] to avoid random effects on the C t .
CsF is more soluble than sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride in organic solvents. It is available in its anhydrous form, and if water has been absorbed, it is easy to dry by heating at 100 °C for two hours in vacuo. [7] CsF reaches a vapor pressure of 1 kilopascal at 825 °C, 10 kPa at 999 °C, and 100 kPa at 1249 °C. [8]
Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) is a method in quantum chemistry used to generate qualitatively correct reference states of molecules in cases where Hartree–Fock and density functional theory are not adequate (e.g., for molecular ground states which are quasi-degenerate with low-lying excited states or in bond-breaking situations).
In quantum chemistry, a configuration state function (CSF), is a symmetry-adapted linear combination of Slater determinants. A CSF must not be confused with a configuration . In general, one configuration gives rise to several CSFs; all have the same total quantum numbers for spin and spatial parts but differ in their intermediate couplings.
When is normalized with reference to the sampling rate as ′ =, the normalized Nyquist angular frequency is π radians/sample. The following table shows examples of normalized frequency for f = 1 {\displaystyle f=1} kHz , f s = 44100 {\displaystyle f_{s}=44100} samples/second (often denoted by 44.1 kHz ), and 4 normalization conventions:
For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can then be analyzed by applying Hess' law, which states that the sum of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction.
π (c i) = c i + 1 for i = 1, ..., n − 1, and π (c n) = c 1. The corresponding cycle of π is written as ( c 1 c 2... c n); this expression is not unique since c 1 can be chosen to be any element of the orbit. The size n of the orbit is called the length of the corresponding cycle; when n = 1, the single element in the orbit is called a ...
In addition, in a physical application it might be reasonable or natural to replace a mathematical model, which is given in the form of the differential equation for ˙, with the corresponding averaged system ˙, in order to use the averaged system to make a prediction and then test the prediction against the results of a physical experiment.