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The proportion of AST to ALT in hepatocytes is about 2.5:1, but because AST is removed from serum by the liver sinusoidal cells twice as quickly (serum half-life t 1/2 = 18 hr) compared to ALT (t 1/2 = 36 hr), so the resulting serum levels of AST and ALT are about equal in healthy individuals, resulting in a normal AST/ALT ratio around 1.
Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels 1.7-4.1 ... Creatinine: male 0.8-1.5 ... social high 0.5 ...
GGT is also elevated in 30% of the hepatitis C patients. GGT can increase by 10 times in alcoholism. GGT can increase by 2 to 3 times in 50% of the patients with non-alcoholic liver disease. When GGT levels is elevated, the triglyceride level is elevated also. With insulin treatment, the GGT level can reduce.
One theory is that high progesterone levels act as an antagonist to the cortisol. The adrenal gland also produces more aldosterone, leading to an eight-fold increase in aldosterone. [5] Women do not show signs of hyperaldosterone, such as hypokalemia, hypernatremia, or high blood pressure.
Furosemide is a known ototoxic agent generally causing transient hearing loss but can be permanent. Reported cases of furosemide-induced hearing loss appeared to be associated with rapid intravenous administration, high dosages, concomitant renal disease, and coadministration with other ototoxic medication.
Acute high dose exposure typically causes manganism and the globus pallidus is the primary target. Chronic, low-level exposure extends Mn deposition and toxicity to other brain regions, including the substantia nigra.
Conversely, falling rates of TB infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates but may be tied to an increased level of education, income, and health of the population. [159] Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed US$150 billion per year in "high burden" countries. [159]
In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. [1] Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. [2]