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If the change in length (ΔL) is approximated as the longitudinal tensile displacement, the apparent tensile modulus (E app) becomes: = The length of the muscle fiber (L) is orders of magnitude larger than the thickness (H), making the term (L/H) 2 very large. Therefore, the apparent longitudinal modulus much greater than the true shear modulus.
Fiber length is also a key variable in muscle anatomy. Fiber length is the product of both the number of sarcomeres in series in the fiber and their individual lengths. As a fiber changes length, the individual sarcomeres shorten or lengthen, but the total number does not change (except on long timescales following exercise and conditioning).
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is the most studied myokine, other muscle contraction-induced myokines include BDNF, FGF21, and SPARC. [64] Muscle also functions to produce body heat. Muscle contraction is responsible for producing 85% of the body's heat. [65] This heat produced is as a by-product of muscular activity, and is mostly wasted.
Intrafusal muscle fibers detect the amount and rate of change in muscle length. [1] It is by the sensory information from gamma motor neurons and beta motor neurons that an individual is able to judge the position of their muscles.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. [ 1 ] The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle ) can be completely autonomous.
The sarcoplasm also contains glycogen which provides energy to the cell during heightened exercise, and myoglobin, the red pigment that stores oxygen until needed for muscular activity. [14] The sarcoplasmic reticulum, a specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, forms a network around each myofibril of the muscle fiber.
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At the time of Henneman’s initial study of motor neuron recruitment, [1] it was known that neurons varied greatly in size, that is in the diameter and extent of the dendritic arbor, size of the soma, and diameter of axon.