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Additionally, about 31 nuclides of the naturally occurring elements have unstable isotopes with a half-life larger than the age of the Solar System (~10 9 years or more). [b] An additional four nuclides have half-lives longer than 100 million years, which is far less than the age of the Solar System, but long enough for some of them to have ...
Hydrogen (1 H) has three naturally occurring isotopes: 1 H, 2 H, and 3 H. 1 H and 2 H are stable, while 3 H has a half-life of 12.32(2) years. [3] [nb 1] Heavier isotopes also exist; all are synthetic and have a half-life of less than 1 zeptosecond (10 −21 s).
In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer. [1] Colloquially, it may instead refer to kinetic persistence , the shelf-life of a metastable substance or system; that is, the timescale over which it begins to degrade.
The most stable are 244 Pu with a half-life of 80.8 million years; 242 Pu with a half-life of 373,300 years; and 239 Pu with a half-life of 24,110 years; and 240 Pu with a half-life of 6,560 years. This element also has eight meta states ; all have half-lives of less than one second.
The study of molecules by molecular physics and theoretical chemistry is largely based on quantum mechanics and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the hydrogen molecule-ion, H 2 +, and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the one-electron bond.
Francium is an alkali metal whose chemical properties mostly resemble those of caesium. [8] A heavy element with a single valence electron, [9] it has the highest equivalent weight of any element. [8] Liquid francium—if created—should have a surface tension of 0.05092 N/m at its melting point. [10]
A chart or table of nuclides maps the nuclear, or radioactive, behavior of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element.It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps their chemical behavior, since isotopes (nuclides that are variants of the same element) do not differ chemically to any significant degree, with the exception of hydrogen.
All others are under a minute, most under a second. The least stable is 15 Ne with a half-life of 770(300) ys (7.7(3.0) × 10 −22 s). See isotopes of carbon for notes about the measurement. Light radioactive neon isotopes usually decay to fluorine or oxygen, while heavier ones decay to sodium.