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Raoult's law (/ ˈ r ɑː uː l z / law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics.Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, [1] [2] it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture.
Köhler theory combines the Kelvin effect, which describes the change in vapor pressure due to a curved surface, with Raoult's Law, which relates the vapor pressure to the solute concentration. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was initially published in 1936 by Hilding Köhler , Professor of Meteorology in the Uppsala University.
The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius–Clapeyron relation and Raoult's law together with the assumption of the non-volatility of the solute. The result is that in dilute ideal solutions, the extent of boiling-point elevation is directly proportional to the molal concentration (amount of substance per mass ...
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
An ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution that exhibits thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. [1] The enthalpy of mixing is zero [2] as is the volume change on mixing by definition; the closer to zero the enthalpy of mixing is, the more "ideal" the behavior of the solution becomes.
François-Marie Raoult (/ r ɑː ˈ uː l /; 10 May 1830 – 1 April 1901) was a French chemist who conducted research into the behavior of solutions, especially their physical properties. Life and work
At first sight, Raoult's law appears to be a special case of Henry's law, where H v px = p*. This is true for pairs of closely related substances, such as benzene and toluene , which obey Raoult's law over the entire composition range: such mixtures are called ideal mixtures.