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They are used when some emphasis is needed, e.g. sono italiano ('I am Italian') vs. io sono italiano ('I [specifically, as opposed to others] am Italian'). The words ci, vi and ne act both as personal pronouns (respectively instrumental and genitive case) and clitic pro-forms for "there" (ci and vi, with identical meaning—as in c'è, ci sono ...
it always loses its final e; verbs in -are end in -er, not in -ar; stare, dare, fare however retain star-, dar-, far-; most irregular verbs lose the vowel before the last r altogether (e.g. avr-for avere and andr-for andare). Clusters -nr-and -lr-are simplified to -rr (e.g. verr-for venire); contracted infinitives are retained (e.g. porr-for ...
The original Proto-Germanic ending of the infinitive was -an, with verbs derived from other words ending in -jan or -janan. In German it is -en ("sagen"), with -eln or -ern endings on a few words based on -l or -r roots ("segeln", "ändern"). The use of zu with infinitives is similar to English to, but is less frequent than in English.
Infinitive verbs always end in -ar, -er, or -ir. They cover the functions of both the infinitive and the gerund in English and can be pluralized where it makes sense. Cognoscer nos es amar nos. 'To know us is to love us.' Il es difficile determinar su strategia. 'It's hard to figure out his strategy.' Illes time le venir del locustas.
fine - end; finestra - window; fino in fondo - until the end; fissare - to fix; fissato - fixed; fiume - river; fiutando - sniffing; fiutare - sniff; flussi - flows; flussi migratori - migratory flows; flusso - flow; focaccia - flat bread; focoso - fiery; foglie - leaves; folla - crowd; follia pura - pure madness; fondamentali - fundamental ...
The infinitive without -re is universal in some subtypes such as Pisano-Livornese, but in the vicinity of Florence, alternations are regular and so the full infinitive (e.g. vedere 'to see') appears before a pause, and the clipped form (vedé) is found otherwise.
The base alphabet consists of 21 letters: five vowels (A, E, I, O, U) and 16 consonants. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of the proper alphabet, but appear in words of ancient Greek origin (e.g. Xilofono), loanwords (e.g. "weekend"), [2] foreign names (e.g. John), scientific terms (e.g. km) and in a handful of native words—such as the names Kalsa, Jesolo, Bettino Craxi, and Cybo ...
The interrogative words who, whom, whose, what and which are interrogative pronouns when used in the place of a noun or noun phrase. In the question Who is the leader?, the interrogative word who is a interrogative pronoun because it stands in the place of the noun or noun phrase the question prompts (e.g. the king or the woman with the crown).