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The epidemiology of cranial venous outflow obstruction is not well-studied, and the condition is likely underdiagnosed due to the nonspecific nature of its symptoms. However, it is known to affect individuals of all ages, with a higher prevalence in females and individuals with anatomical venous disorders (varicose veins), certain risk factors ...
The superior thalamic vein (Latin: vena superioris thalami), initially called by Benno Shlesinger in 1976 the principal thalamic vein (vena principalis thalami) or centro-medial thalamic vein (vena centro-medialis thalami), also called by Russian surgeon Pirogoff internal thalamic vein (vena interioris thalami) is the most prominent vein of the thalamus.
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Causes [2] of venous stasis include: Obesity; Pregnancy; Previous damage to leg; Blood clot; Smoking; Swelling and inflammation of a vein close to the skin; Congestive heart failure. [3] Long periods of immobility that can be encountered from driving, [4] flying, bed rest/hospitalization, or having an orthopedic cast.
During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
Minor compression of the inferior vena cava during pregnancy is a relatively common occurrence. It is seen most commonly when women lie on their back or right side. [4] 90% of women lying in the supine position during pregnancy experience some form of inferior vena cava syndrome; however, not all of the women display symptoms. [4]
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is more common in particular situations. 85% of people have at least one of these risk factors: [3] Thrombophilia, a tendency to develop blood clots due to abnormalities in coagulation, e.g. factor V Leiden, deficiency of protein C, protein S or antithrombin, or related problems