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This article summarizes the world palladium production by country. This is a list of countries by palladium production in kilograms, based upon data from the United States Geological Survey. [1] In 2019, the world production of palladium totaled 210,000 kilograms—down 5% from 220,000 kg in 2018.
Most palladium is used for catalytic converters in the automobile industry. [77] Catalytic converters are targets for thieves because they contain palladium and other rare metals. In the run up to year 2000, the Russian supply of palladium to the global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted; for political reasons, the export quota was not ...
Palladium forms a variety of ionic, coordination, and organopalladium compounds, typically with oxidation state Pd 0 or Pd 2+. Palladium(III) compounds have also been reported. Palladium compounds are frequently used as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions such as the Sonogashira coupling and Suzuki reaction.
Although both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in art, jewelry, and coinage. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, of which platinum is the most widely traded. [1]
Naturally occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys were known by pre-Columbian Americans for many years. [5] However, even though the metal was used by pre-Columbian peoples, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between ...
Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a research component in all study fields, including physical and social sciences, humanities, [2] and business ...
Data visualization uses information displays (graphics such as, tables and charts) to help communicate key messages contained in the data. [46] Tables are a valuable tool by enabling the ability of a user to query and focus on specific numbers; while charts (e.g., bar charts or line charts), may help explain the quantitative messages contained ...
The use of sparteine as a ligand (Figure 2, A) [33] favors nucleopalladation at the terminal carbon to minimize steric interaction between the palladium complex and substrate. The Quinox-ligated palladium catalyst is used to favor ketone formation when substrate contains a directing group (Figure 2, B). [ 34 ]