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In machine learning, backpropagation [1] is a gradient estimation method commonly used for training a neural network to compute its parameter updates. It is an efficient application of the chain rule to neural networks.
Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is a gradient-based technique for training certain types of recurrent neural networks, such as Elman networks. The algorithm was independently derived by numerous researchers.
LeNet-5 architecture (overview). LeNet is a series of convolutional neural network structure proposed by LeCun et al. [1] The earliest version, LeNet-1, was trained in 1989.In general, when "LeNet" is referred to without a number, it refers to LeNet-5 (1998), the most well-known version.
A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a misnomer for a modern feedforward artificial neural network, consisting of fully connected neurons (hence the synonym sometimes used of fully connected network (FCN)), often with a nonlinear kind of activation function, organized in at least three layers, notable for being able to distinguish data that is not ...
In theory, classic RNNs can keep track of arbitrary long-term dependencies in the input sequences. The problem with classic RNNs is computational (or practical) in nature: when training a classic RNN using back-propagation, the long-term gradients which are back-propagated can "vanish", meaning they can tend to zero due to very small numbers creeping into the computations, causing the model to ...
Each new layer guarantees an increase on the lower-bound of the log likelihood of the data, thus improving the model, if trained properly. Once sufficiently many layers have been learned the deep architecture may be used as a generative model by reproducing the data when sampling down the model (an "ancestral pass") from the top level feature ...
Modeling of biological systems, neurosciences (cognitive neurodynamics), memory modeling, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), filtering and Kalman processes, military applications, volatility modeling etc. For the training of RNNs a number of learning algorithms are available: backpropagation through time, real-time recurrent learning ...
[4] [5] Fukushima proposed several supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms to train the parameters of a deep neocognitron such that it could learn internal representations of incoming data. [3] [6] Today, however, the CNN architecture is usually trained through backpropagation. This approach is now heavily used in computer vision. [5] [7]