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Intestinal failure is decreased intestinal function such that nutrients, water, and electrolytes are not sufficiently absorbed. Short bowel syndrome is when there is less than 2 m (6.6 ft) of working bowel and is the most common cause of intestinal failure. [3]
Interstitial nephritis is uncommon (<1% incidence) in patients without any symptoms but occurs in about 10-15% of hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury of unknown cause. [2] While it can occur in patients of all ages, it is more common in elderly patients, perhaps due to increased exposure to drugs and other triggering causes. [2]
Other causes of chronic liver disease are genetic or autoimmune disease, such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. [5]: 959–963, 971 Acute liver disease rarely results in pain, but may result in jaundice. Infectious liver disease may cause a fever.
Symptoms of intestinal ischemia vary and can be acute (especially if embolic), [11] subacute, or chronic. [12] Case series report prevalence of clinical findings and provide the best available, yet biased, estimate of the sensitivity of clinical findings. [13] [14] In a series of 58 patients with intestinal ischemia due to mixed causes: [14]
The small intestine expands rapidly due to the presence of hypertonic/hyperosmolar contents from the stomach, especially sweet foods. This causes symptoms due to the shift of fluid into the intestinal lumen , with plasma volume contraction and acute intestinal distention. [ 3 ]
Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. [ 1 ]
Kidney disease usually causes a loss of kidney function to some degree and can result in kidney failure, the complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is known as the end-stage of kidney disease, where dialysis or a kidney transplant is the only treatment option.
Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. [27] Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. The majority of people affected with polycystic kidney disease have a family history of the disease.
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