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As with any medical treatment, medications used in the management of MS may have several adverse effects, and many possible therapies are still under investigation. At the same time different alternative treatments are pursued by many people, despite the fact that there is little supporting, comparable, replicated scientific study.
The processes underlying remyelination are under investigation in the hope of finding treatments for demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. As of 2022 the status of possible remyelination acceleration is of trials only, [2] with side effects of possible drugs one limiting issue. [3]
Injectable medications can produce irritation or bruises at injection site. The bruise depicted was produced by a subcutaneous injection. Interferon beta-1b is available only in injectable forms, and can cause skin reactions at the injection site that may include cutaneous necrosis. Skin reactions vary greatly in their clinical presentation. [2]
A repair process, called remyelination, takes place in early phases of the disease, but the oligodendrocytes are unable to completely rebuild the cell's myelin sheath. Repeated attacks lead to successively less effective remyelinations, until a scar-like plaque is built up around the damaged axons.
The first S1P receptor modulator available on the market was fingolimod. Fingolimod was approved and released on the market in USA in 2010 as an anti-multiple sclerosis drug. [11] Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the neurons of the central nervous system and degrade the myelin that protect them. [12]
These side effects subside within thirty minutes. Over time, a visible dent at a repeat-injection site can occur due to the local destruction of fat tissue, known as lipoatrophy, that may develop. [medical citation needed] More serious side effects have been reported for glatiramer acetate, according to the prescription label in the US.
More research is needed on Ozempic long-term side effects. Some severe side effects with long-term consequences may include pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallstones, gallbladder disease ...
[245] [246] The promising drug is currently being researched on humans in the Octopus trials, a multi-arm, multi-stage trial, focussed on testing existing drugs for other conditions on patients with MS. [247] Currently, clinical trials on humans are ongoing in Belgium, for patients with non-active progressive MS, [248] in the U.K., in ...