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Biological engineering is a science-based discipline founded upon the biological sciences in the same way that chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering [7] can be based upon chemistry, electricity and magnetism, and classical mechanics, respectively.
Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy.
[65] [64] Altered JAK-STAT signalling can also be involved in developing breast cancer. JAK-STAT signalling in mammary glands (located within breasts) can promote cell division and reduce cell apoptosis during pregnancy and puberty, and therefore if excessively activated, cancer can form. [ 66 ]
Introgression is an important source of genetic variation in natural populations and may contribute to adaptation and even adaptive radiation. [7] It can occur across hybrid zones due to chance, selection or hybrid zone movement. [8]
Schematic of cell adhesion. Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. This process can occur either through direct contact between cell surfaces such as cell junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix, a gel-like structure containing molecules released ...
There are four major superfamilies or groups of CAMs: the immunoglobulin super family of cell adhesion molecules (), Cadherins, Integrins, and the Superfamily of C-type of lectin-like domains proteins (CTLDs).
Computational anatomy is the study of anatomical shape and form at the visible or gross anatomical scale of morphology.It involves the development of computational mathematical and data-analytical methods for modeling and simulating biological structures.
Bioinformatics uses biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, computer programming, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data. The subsequent process of analyzing and interpreting data is often referred to as computational biology, though the distinction between the two terms is often ...