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  2. Oxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide

    An oxide (/ ˈ ɒ k s aɪ d /) is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element [1] in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion (anion bearing a net charge of –2) of oxygen, an O 2– ion with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Even materials ...

  3. CRC Standard Mathematical Tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Standard_Mathematical...

    CRC Standard Mathematical Tables (also CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulas or SMTF) is a comprehensive one-volume handbook containing a fundamental working knowledge of mathematics and tables of formulas. [1]

  4. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    The current 3-form can be integrated over a 3-dimensional space-time region. The physical interpretation of this integral is the charge in that region if it is spacelike, or the amount of charge that flows through a surface in a certain amount of time if that region is a spacelike surface cross a timelike interval.

  5. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  6. Formal charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge

    The formal charge of any atom in a molecule can be calculated by the following equation: = where V is the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom in isolation (in its ground state); L is the number of non-bonding valence electrons assigned to this atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule; and B is the total number of electrons shared ...

  7. Oxidation state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state

    As an example, summing bond orders in the ammonium cation yields −4 at the nitrogen of formal charge +1, with the two numbers adding to the oxidation state of −3: The sum of oxidation states in the ion equals its charge (as it equals zero for a neutral molecule). Also in anions, the formal (ionic) charges have to be considered when nonzero.

  8. Oxygen compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_compounds

    Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, Fe 2 O 3, form when oxygen combines with other elements. Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other free elements at elevated temperatures to give corresponding oxides. However, some elements, such as iron which oxidises to iron oxide, or rust, Fe 2 O

  9. Chemical equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation

    A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]