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Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. [5] Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. [ 6 ]
The current production method is based on the first scalable synthesis developed by Gilead Sciences [4] starting from naturally occurring quinic acid or shikimic acid.Due to lower yields and the extra steps required (because of the additional dehydration), the quinic acid route was dropped in favour of the one based on shikimic acid, which received further improvements by Hoffmann-La Roche.
Shikimic acid can also be extracted from the seeds of the sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) fruit, [2] which is abundant in North America, in yields of around 1.5%. For example, 4 kg (8.8 lb) of sweetgum seeds is needed for fourteen packages of Tamiflu. By comparison, star anise has been reported to yield 3% to 7% shikimic acid.
It was originally synthesised from shikimic acid extracted from the star anise plant. Oseltamivir is a prodrug that requires metabolism in the liver to the active form, oseltamivir carboxylate. This binds at the active site of the neuraminidase enzyme, preventing it from cleaving sialic acid to release the virus particle from the host cell ...
But, if I know horses, those sneaky equines would soon be abusing the power of instant messaging. Here’s how I think the texts your horse would send you would go… 32 texts your horse would send 1.
Currently, this is recommended in institutionalized elderly people and other high-risk groups as a form of post-exposure prophylaxis during seasonal influenza outbreaks. [2] However, since pandemic influenza differs somewhat from normal seasonal influenza, it is not clear that these drugs will prove either safe or effective for their intended ...
5. CBD Oil. There is no evidence that CBD oil is going to shrink tumors, but in studies with and without chemotherapy, it has been found to help. CBD is effective at hindering cancer cell ...
A Minnesota couple has reportedly been sentenced to four years after they locked their children in cages for "their safety." The couple was arrested and charged with 16 counts in June 2023. They ...
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