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From the semantic point of view, a premise entails a conclusion if the conclusion is true whenever the premise is true. [102] A system of logic is sound when its proof system cannot derive a conclusion from a set of premises unless it is semantically entailed by them. In other words, its proof system cannot lead to false conclusions, as defined ...
The problem of free will has been identified in ancient Greek philosophical literature. The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to both Aristotle (4th century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE): "it was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing something that made us have control over them".
A thought experiment by Aristotle to explore the concept of future contingents and the problem of determinism and free will. Aristotle's theses The formulas ¬ (¬ A → A) and ¬ (A → ¬A) in propositional logic; they are theorems in connexive logic but not in classical logic. [17] [18] [19] See also Boethius' theses. arity
An example is the argument "today is Sunday; if today is Sunday then I don't have to go to work today; therefore I don't have to go to work today". [115] The premises of non-deductive arguments also support their conclusion, although this support does not guarantee that the conclusion is true. [116] One form is inductive reasoning. It starts ...
Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts.
In everyday speech, it denotes something occurring or being known before the event. a solis ortu usque ad occasum: from sunrise to sunset: ab absurdo: from the absurd: Said of an argument either for a conclusion that rests on the alleged absurdity of an opponent's argument (cf. appeal to ridicule) or
Merlin Donald has claimed that human thought has progressed through three historic stages: the episodic, the mimetic, and the mythic stages, before reaching the current stage of theoretic thinking or culture. [2] According to him the final transition occurred with the invention of science in Ancient Greece. [3]
H.L. Mencken produced the first book on Nietzsche in English in 1907, The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, and in 1910 a book of translated paragraphs from Nietzsche, increasing knowledge of his philosophy in the United States. [262] Nietzsche is known today as a precursor to existentialism, post-structuralism and postmodernism. [263]