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High caste women, Harkua, India, c. 1915 [1]. The zenana missions were outreach programmes established in British India with the aim of converting women to Christianity.From the mid 19th century, they sent female missionaries into the homes of Indian women, including the private areas of houses - known as zenana - that male visitors were not allowed to see.
The Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (CEZMS; founded 1880), [1] also known as the Church of England Zenana Mission, was a British Anglican missionary society established to spread Christianity in India via women. It would later expand its Christian missionary work into Japan and Qing Dynasty China.
In 1814 the CMS began sending missionaries to India and established mission stations at Chennai (Madras) and Bengal, then in 1816 at Travancore. [3] The mission stations were extended across India in the following years. The work among women was mainly left to the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society and the Zenana Bible and Medical ...
Several mission societies, including the Baptist Missionary Society, SPCK, LMS, Basel Mission, CMS, SPG, Zenana mission, Medical Mission, American Mission, Danish Mission, and Methodist Mission missionaries have contributed for the progressive Christian community in India.
With a mission stationed at the junction of the Ganges and Jumna, she was joined by four native licentiate preachers and fifteen native assistants. [5] She practiced among the Zenana mission serving the women of India. After two years, she transferred to the Board of Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church, continuing her work in the region. [6]
John Fordyce (1819–1902) was a Christian missionary, evangelical minister and administrator who launched the female education initiative in India known as the Zenana Missions. He has been credited with introducing the rickshaw to India. [1]
Interserve was originally called the Calcutta Normal School and later the Indian Female Normal School and Instruction Society and then the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission. [1] It was founded as one of the zenana missions in the 19th century, with the aim of addressing the medical and educational needs of Indian women.
The zenana were the inner rooms of a house where the women of the family lived and where men and strangers were not allowed to enter. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the mardana . Conceptually in those that practise purdah , it is the Indian subcontinent's equivalent of the harem .