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Shaking incubator. The next innovation in incubator technology came in the 1960s, when the CO 2 incubator was introduced to the market. [4] Demand came when doctors realized that they could use CO 2 incubators to identify and study pathogens found in patients' bodily fluids. To do this, a sample was harvested and placed onto a sterile dish and ...
A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the condensed solvent from the thimble back into the percolator.
The standard settings for a hot air oven are: 1.5 to 2 hours at 160 °C (320 °F) 6 to 12 minutes at 190 °C (374 °F)....plus the time required to preheat the chamber before beginning the sterilization cycle. If the door is opened before time, heat escapes and the process becomes incomplete.
A glass still head, upside down. The rounded part was meant to be fitted on the top of the boiling flask. Black-and-white photo of object at the Wellcome Trust museum. The still head is another ancient type of air-cooled condenser. It consists of a roughly globular vessel with an opening at the bottom, through which the vapor is introduced.
Water baths are preferred heat sources for heating flammable chemicals, as their lack of open flame prevents ignition. [1] Different types of water baths are used depending on application. For all water baths, it can be used up to 99.9 °C. [2] [3]
A heat gun comprises a source of heat, usually an electrically heated element or a propane/liquified petroleum gas, a mechanism to move the hot air such as an electric fan, unless gas pressure is sufficient; a nozzle to direct the air, which may be a simple tube pointing in one direction, or specially shaped for purposes such as concentrating the heat on a small area or thawing a pipe but not ...
A laminar flow cabinet blows unfiltered exhaust air towards the worker and is not safe for work with pathogenic agents, [2]: 13 [3] while a fume hood maintains negative pressure with constant exhaust to protect the user, but does not protect the work materials from contamination by the surrounding environment.
Comparing air and water, air has vastly lower heat capacity per gram and per volume (4000) and less than a tenth the conductivity, but also much lower viscosity (about 200 times lower: 17.4 × 10 −6 Pa·s for air vs 8.94 × 10 −4 Pa·s for water). Continuing the calculation from two paragraphs above, air cooling needs ten times of the ...