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The Atman theory in Upanishads had a profound impact on ancient ethical theories and dharma traditions now known as Hinduism. [85] The earliest Dharmasutras of Hindus recite Atman theory from the Vedic texts and Upanishads, [87] and on its foundation build precepts of dharma, laws and ethics.
[note 3] Several key texts refer to the tathāgatagarbha or Buddha-dhātu as "atman", Self or essence, though those texts also contain warnings against a literal interpretation. Several scholars have noted similarities between tathāgatagarbha texts and the substantial monism found in the atman/Brahman tradition.
Ātman, meaning "Self", a philosophical concept common to all schools of Hindu philosophy; Ātman, attā or attan, a reference to the essential self Anattā or anātman — "not-self", central concept in Buddhism; Ātman, or Jīva, a philosophical term used within Jainism to identify the soul
It is the Atman, the unchangeable eternal Reality, Pure Consciousness, self-luminous and never itself an object of observation. [2] It is the timeless Being that witnesses the ceaseless flow and change in the world of thought and things.
The German Indologist Paul Deussen states the Atma Upanishad converts the "beautiful poetic" section on the Atman in the Chandogya Upanishad, into "most dry" scholastic description. [12] The Upanishad explains and references hymn fragments from ancient texts, including classical Upanishads.
In Hindu philosophy, turiya (Sanskrit: तुरीय, meaning "the fourth"), also referred to as chaturiya or chaturtha, is the true self (atman) beyond the three common states of consciousness (waking, dreaming, and dreamless deep sleep).
With regard to the cause of samsāra, as to where it resides and the means of its removal, Adi Shankara in his Vivekachudamani.49. instructs that the individual self is the Paramatman in reality, the association of the individual self with ajnana i.e. with avidya, which he terms as anatmabandhah, bondage by the anatman or non-atman, makes it to ...
Aitareya Upanishad discusses three philosophical themes: first, that the world and man is the creation of the Atman (Universal Self); second, the theory that the Atman undergoes threefold birth; third, that Consciousness is the essence of Atman. [2]