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  2. Chemical coloring of metals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_coloring_of_metals

    Solution of sodium polysulfide 2.5%, items must be submerged in the solution after color developing, wash, dry and wax or varnish colored object. [27] Brown for copper. Items are boiled in at least 3-day-old water solution of 12% copper sulfate, after color being developed, the material is washed, dried and waxed or varnished. [27] Black for iron

  3. Iron gall ink - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_gall_ink

    Homemade iron gall ink in use, displaying the delayed darkening of the ink Ink corrosion: iron gall ink causes paper and parchment to disintegrate. By mixing tannin with iron sulfate, a water-soluble ferrous tannate complex is formed. Because of its solubility, the ink is able to penetrate the paper surface, making it difficult to erase.

  4. Patina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina

    Patina (/ p ə ˈ t iː n ə / pə-TEE-nə or / ˈ p æ t ɪ n ə / PAT-ih-nə) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones [1] and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or ...

  5. Pickling (metal) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling_(metal)

    Various chemical solutions are usually used to clean these impurities. Strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are common, but different applications use various other acids. Also alkaline solutions can be used for cleaning metal surfaces. Solutions usually also contain additives such as wetting agents and corrosion inhibitors ...

  6. Verdigris - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris

    The Statue of Liberty, showing advanced patination; verdigris is responsible for the statue's iconic green colour.. Verdigris (/ ˈ v ɜːr d ɪ ɡ r iː (s)/) [1] is a common name for any of a variety of somewhat toxic [2] [3] [4] copper salts of acetic acid, which range in colour from green to a bluish-green depending on their chemical composition.

  7. Darken's equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darken's_equations

    In metallurgy, the Darken equations are used to describe the solid-state diffusion of materials in binary solutions. They were first described by Lawrence Stamper Darken in 1948. [ 1 ] The equations apply to cases where a solid solution's two components do not have the same coefficient of diffusion .

  8. Strengthening mechanisms of materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthening_mechanisms...

    Brass, a binary alloy of copper and zinc, has superior mechanical properties compared to its constituent metals due to solution strengthening. Work hardening (such as beating a red-hot piece of metal on anvil) has also been used for centuries by blacksmiths to introduce dislocations into materials, increasing their yield strengths .

  9. Dakin's solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakin's_solution

    The solution takes the name from British chemist Henry Drysdale Dakin (1880–1952) who developed it in 1916, during World War I, while he was stationed at a field hospital in Compiègne. He worked there in collaboration with French physician Alexis Carrel , and the particular use they made of the solution is known as the Carrel–Dakin method ...

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