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Effie Calavaza was born in 1927 in Zuni, New Mexico as Effie Lankeseon, [4] [5] where she lived her entire life. [6] She married Juan Calavaza (1910–1970), also a jewelry artist, who taught her the art. Until her husband's death in 1970, she signed her own work with her husband's signature, "JUAN C.–ZUNI".
Today, Zuni bird fetishes are often set with heishe beads in multi-strand necklaces. [63] Lanyade became the first Zuni silversmith in 1872. [44] Kineshde, a Zuni smith of the late 1890s, is credited for first combining silver and turquoise in his jewelry. [64] Zuni jewelers soon became known for their clusterwork.
The most important of these materials was turquoise which the Zuni regard as the sacred stone. Jet, shell (primarily mother-of-pearl), and coral are also frequently used. These materials and their associated colors are principle in the Zuni sunface, a cultural symbol which is present in Zuni jewelry and fetishes and represents their Sun Father.
Zuni artists are admired for their cluster work jewelry, showcasing turquoise designs, as well as their elaborate, pictorial stone inlay in silver. Montezuma Castle , a Sinagua cliff dwelling in Arizona , c. 700 CE–1425 CE
Turquoise, jet, and spiny oyster shell have been traditionally used by Ancestral Pueblo for jewelry, and they developed sophisticated inlay techniques centuries ago. The Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) of the Chaco Canyon and surrounding region are believed to have prospered greatly from their production and trading of turquoise objects.
Zuni also make fetishes and necklaces for the purpose of rituals and trade, and more recently for sale to collectors. The Zuni are known for their fine lapidary work. Zuni jewelers set hand-cut turquoise and other stones in silver. [24] Today jewelry-making thrives as an art form among the Zuni. Many Zuni have become master stone-cutters.
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