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  2. Mantle convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection

    On Earth, the Rayleigh number for convection within Earth's mantle is estimated to be of order 10 7, which indicates vigorous convection. This value corresponds to whole mantle convection (i.e. convection extending from the Earth's surface to the border with the core). On a global scale, surface expression of this convection is the tectonic ...

  3. Earth's internal heat budget - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_internal_heat_budget

    Controversy over the exact nature of mantle convection makes the linked evolution of Earth's heat budget and the dynamics and structure of the mantle difficult to unravel. [21] There is evidence that the processes of plate tectonics were not active in the Earth before 3.2 billion years ago, and that early Earth's internal heat loss could have ...

  4. Convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection

    Convection within Earth's mantle is the driving force for plate tectonics. Mantle convection is the result of a thermal gradient: the lower mantle is hotter than the upper mantle, and is therefore less dense. This sets up two primary types of instabilities.

  5. Earth's mantle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_mantle

    The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface: the plate hypothesis. [24] The convection of the Earth's mantle is a chaotic process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is

  6. Slab suction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_suction

    Slab suction occurs when a subducting slab drives flow in the lower mantle by exerting additional force down in the direction of the mantle's convection currents. This flow then exerts shear tractions on the base of nearby plates. This driving force is important when the slabs (or portions thereof) are not strongly attached to the rest of their ...

  7. Geodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodynamics

    Geodynamics is a subfield of geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth.It applies physics, chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how mantle convection leads to plate tectonics and geologic phenomena such as seafloor spreading, mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, faulting.

  8. Heat transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer

    Simulation of thermal convection in the Earth's mantle. Colors span from red and green to blue with decreasing temperatures. Colors span from red and green to blue with decreasing temperatures. A hot, less-dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards, and cold material from the top moves downwards.

  9. Convection (heat transfer) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_(Heat_transfer)

    Forced convection: when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface by an internal source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps, creating an artificially induced convection current. [ 3 ] In many real-life applications (e.g. heat losses at solar central receivers or cooling of photovoltaic panels), natural and forced convection occur at the same ...

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