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X-ray microscopy is three-dimensional and non-destructive, allowing for repeated imaging of the same sample for in situ or 4D studies, and providing the ability to "see inside" the sample being studied before sacrificing it to higher resolution techniques. A 3D X-ray microscope uses the technique of computed tomography , rotating the sample 360 ...
Microscopy is a category of characterization techniques which probe and map the surface and sub-surface structure of a material. These techniques can use photons, electrons, ions or physical cantilever probes to gather data about a sample's structure on a range of length scales. Some common examples of microscopy techniques include: Optical ...
PEEM – Photoemission electron microscopy (or photoelectron emission microscopy) PES – Photoelectron spectroscopy; PINEM – photon-induced near-field electron microscopy; PIGE – Particle (or proton) induced gamma-ray spectroscopy, see nuclear reaction analysis; PIXE – Particle (or proton) induced X-ray spectroscopy; PL – Photoluminescence
Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry. A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself. Examples of hyphenated techniques: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
The dispersion staining is an analytical technique used in light microscopy that takes advantage of the differences in the dispersion curve of the refractive index of an unknown material relative to a standard material with a known dispersion curve to identify or characterize that unknown material. These differences become manifest as a color ...
Pump–probe microscopy is a non-linear optical imaging modality used in femtochemistry to study chemical reactions. It generates high-contrast images from endogenous non-fluorescent targets. It generates high-contrast images from endogenous non-fluorescent targets.
Advancements in crystallographic techniques, such as electron diffraction and X-ray crystallography, continue to expand our understanding of material behavior at the atomic level. In another example, iron transforms from a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure called ferrite to a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure called austenite when it is ...
Scientific techniques can be divided in many different groups, e.g.: Preparative techniques Synthesis techniques, e.g. the use of Grignard reagents in organic chemistry; Growth techniques, e.g. crystal growth or cell cultures in biology; Purification techniques e.g. those in chemistry; Measurement techniques