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Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land.
The entire ocean, containing 97% of Earth's water, spans 70.8% of Earth's surface, [8] making it Earth's global ocean or world ocean. [23] [25] This makes Earth, along with its vibrant hydrosphere a "water world" [43] [44] or "ocean world", [45] [46] particularly in Earth's early history when the ocean is thought to have possibly covered Earth ...
A chain handhold, added to the rock in 1964 and extended in 1976, made the hour-long climb easier, [22] but it remained a steep, 800 m (0.5 mi) hike to the top, where it can be quite windy. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] It was recommended that individuals drink plenty of water while climbing, and that those who were unfit , or who suffered from vertigo or ...
Most of Earth's surface is ocean water: 70.8% or 361 million km 2 (139 million sq mi). [96] This vast pool of salty water is often called the world ocean, [97] [98] and makes Earth with its dynamic hydrosphere a water world [99] [100] or ocean world. [101] [102] Indeed, in Earth's early history the ocean may have covered Earth completely. [103]
is the kinematic viscosity of water, which is approximately 1.0 x 10 −6 m 2 /s for water at 20 °C. C 1 {\displaystyle C_{1}} and C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} are constants related to the shape and smoothness of the grains.
The term regolith combines two Greek words: rhegos (ῥῆγος), 'blanket', and lithos , 'rock'. [4] [5] [6] The American geologist George P. Merrill first defined the term in 1897, writing: In places this covering is made up of material originating through rock-weathering or plant growth in situ. In other instances it is of fragmental and ...
The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense mafic oceanic crust made up of basalt and gabbro and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness felsic continental rock that is often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest ...
The world-average ecological footprint in 2016 was 2.75 global hectares per person (22.6 billion in total). With a world-average biocapacity of 1.63 global hectares (gha) per person (12.2 billion in total), this leads to a global ecological deficit of 1.1 global hectares per person (10.4 billion in total). [1]