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The origins of the people that became the first Romans are clearer. As in neighbouring city-states, the early Romans were composed mainly of Latin-speaking Italic people, [41] [42] known as the Latins. The Latins were a people with a marked Mediterranean character, related to other neighbouring Italic peoples such as the Falisci. [43]
They were not automatically given citizenship and lacked some privileges such as running for executive magistracies. The children of freedmen and women were born as free citizens; for example, the father of the poet Horace was a freedman. Slaves were considered property and lacked legal personhood. Over time, they acquired a few protections ...
The people were sovereign; there was no sovereignty outside of the people themselves. [2] In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled. Further, important political and judicial offices were rotated to widen participation and prevent corruption, and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly. Pocock explained:
Over the centuries the usage broadened into a spectrum of meaning cited by the larger Latin dictionaries: [5] it could mean in addition to the citizenship established by the constitution the legal city-state, or res publica, the populus of that res publica (not people as people but people as citizens), any city state either proper or state-like ...
Citizen rights were inherited, so children of peregrini who had become citizens were also citizens upon birth. [12] Distinctions between Roman citizens and peregrini continued until 212 AD, when Caracalla (211 AD – 217 AD) extended full Roman citizenship to all free-born men in the empire [13] with the declaration of the Antonine Constitution ...
The questions were also more complex than were the questions of the earlier era, and the average citizen was not adequately informed as to these issues. [45] The senators, in contrast, were usually quite experienced, [ 45 ] and the fact that they had income sources that were independent of their political roles made it easier for them to ...
This meant, that while the plebeians were able to vote, if the patrician classes voted together, they could control the vote. [16] Ancient Rome, according to Ralph Mathisen, author of Ancient Roman Civilization: History and Sources, made political reforms, such as the introduction of the Council of the Plebs and the tribunes of the plebs. These ...
The famous bust of the "Lady of Elche", probably a priestess."Warrior of Moixent" Iberian (Edetan) ex-voto statuette, 2nd to 4th centuries BC, found in Edeta. The Iberians (Latin: Hibērī, from Greek: Ἴβηρες, Iberes) were an ancient people settled in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, at least from the 6th century BCE.