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[clarification needed] The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station. [8] LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20–30 km operating distance, and 20–30 hours of battery life.
As an example of how the 2D spreading on VSF-OFCDM works, if you take the first data symbol, d 0, and a spreading factor in the time domain, SF time, of length 4, and a spreading factor in the frequency domain, SF frequency of 2, then the data symbol, d 0, will be multiplied by the length-2 frequency-domain PN codes and placed on subcarriers 0 ...
CDMA service suspended starting from 31 October 2017. BSNL India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A 800 Mar 2005: Mar 2016 [73] [74] [75] MTS India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. B 800 Sep 2003: Nov 2017 [76] [77] [78] RCOM India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A 800 May 2003: Jun 2016 [79] [80] Tata Docomo India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. B 800 Nov 2002 ...
For example, user A and user B both try to access a quiet link at the same time. Since they detect a collision, user A waits for a random time between 0 and 1 time units and so does user B. Let's say user A chooses a lower back-off time. User A then begins to use the link and B allows it to finish sending its frame. If user A still has more to ...
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In CDMA or QDMA, a new user is simply allocated a new code and is ready to go. It may impose a slight load on the spectrum, but the system is so devised as to absorb a controlled measure of collisions and continue operations at a high level of quality of service.
In digital communications, a chip is a pulse of a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) code, such as a pseudo-random noise (PN) code sequence used in direct-sequence code-division multiple access (CDMA) channel access techniques.
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