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Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat muscle spasticity, such as from a spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It may also be used for hiccups and muscle spasms near the end of life, [ 9 ] and off-label to treat alcohol use disorder [ 10 ] [ 11 ] or opioid withdrawal symptoms. [ 12 ]
Clinical psychiatrist Jan Dirk Blom describes psychonautics as denoting "the exploration of the psyche by means of techniques such as lucid dreaming, brainwave entrainment, sensory deprivation, and the use of hallucinogens or entheogens, and a psychonaut as one who "seeks to investigate their mind using intentionally induced altered states of consciousness" for spiritual, scientific, or ...
Baclofen also inhibits neural function presynaptically, by reducing calcium ion influx, and thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in both the brain and spinal cord. It may also reduce pain in patients by inhibiting the release of substance P in the spinal cord, as well.
The drug is a GABA analogue and is closely related to baclofen (β-(4-chlorophenyl)-GABA), tolibut (β-(4-methylphenyl)-GABA), and phenibut (β-phenyl-GABA). [1] It is less potent as a GABA B receptor agonist than baclofen but more potent than phenibut.
Baclofen is primarily used for the treatment of spastic movement disorders, especially in instances of spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. [47] Phenibut is used in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Latvia to treat anxiety and improve sleep, as in the treatment of insomnia. [ 48 ]
Effectiveness appears similar to baclofen or diazepam. [4] It is taken by mouth. [5] Common side effects of tizanidine include dry mouth, sleepiness, weakness, and dizziness. [5] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, psychosis, and QT prolongation. [5] It is unclear if use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is safe. [6]
Cocaine; Crack cocaine; Methylphenidate (Ritalin); Ephedrine; MDMA (ecstasy); Peyote (); LSD blotter; Psilocybin mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis); Salvia divinorum ...
Muscimol (also known as agarin or pantherine) is one of the principal psychoactive constituents of Amanita muscaria and related species of mushroom. Muscimol is a potent and selective orthosteric agonist for the GABA A receptor [3] and displays sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic [citation needed] psychoactivity.