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A reverse process, sometimes called "relaxation", can be almost immediate (10 −7 to 10 −3 seconds) or take much longer (e.g. 10 6 seconds). [76] Ultimately, any overall retained thermodynamic effect can be justified on the basis that any such reverse process is incapable of reaching an ideal thermodynamic end-state of its own accord.
A soldier examines two inverted VS-1.6 blast-resistant anti-tank landmines. Cut-away view of a VS-MK2 blast-resistant anti-personnel mine. A blast resistant mine is a landmine (intended for anti-tank or anti-personnel purposes) with a fuze which is designed to be insensitive to the shock wave from a nearby explosion.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. [1] Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a tensile strain capacity in the range of 3 ...
Samples of "ground granulated blast furnace slag" (left) and "granulated blast furnace slag" (right) Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder.
The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. [ 16 ] For design purposes, this compressive strength value is restricted by dividing with a factor of safety, whose value depends on the design philosophy used.
Blast walls perform best if the explosion is relatively close to the front of the wall [1] "Canopied" walls (with a top section overhanging the front face) show some improved blast protection over plane walls; A 90-degree canopy is more effective than a 45-degree one [2] Walls containing sand or water work well, and cause little damage if they fail
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
(2) The thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and steel are so close (1.0 × 10 −5 to 1.5 × 10 −5 for concrete and 1.2 × 10 −5 for steel) that the thermal stress-induced damage to the bond between the two components can be prevented. (3) Concrete can protect the embedded steel from corrosion and high-temperature induced softening.