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The ancestors of coleoids (including most modern cephalopods) and the ancestors of the modern nautilus, had diverged by the Floian Age of the Early Ordovician Period, over 470 million years ago. We know this because the orthocerids were the first known representatives of the neocephalopoda, [ 40 ] were ultimately the ancestors of ammonoids and ...
Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves in the Cambrian period .However, the evolutionary history both of the emergence of molluscs from the ancestral group Lophotrochozoa, and of their diversification into the well-known living and fossil forms, is still vigorously debated.
Orthocerida, also known as the Michelinocerida, is an order of extinct orthoceratoid cephalopods that lived from the Early Ordovician) possibly to the Late Triassic 1] A fossil found in the Caucasus suggests they may even have survived until the Early Cretaceous 2] and the Eocene fossil Antarcticeras is sometimes considered a descendant of the orthocerids although this is disputed.
Ammonoids are extinct, (typically) coiled-shelled cephalopods comprising the subclass Ammonoidea.They are more closely related to living octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish (which comprise the clade Coleoidea) than they are to nautiluses (family Nautilidae). [1]
Ammonitida or "True ammonites" are an order of ammonoid cephalopods that lived from the Jurassic through Paleocene time periods, commonly with intricate ammonitic sutures. Ammonitida is divided into four suborders, the Phylloceratina , Lytoceratina , Ancyloceratina , and Ammonitina .
Ceratitida is an order that contains almost all ammonoid cephalopod genera from the Triassic as well as ancestral forms from the Upper Permian, the exception being the phylloceratids which gave rise to the great diversity of post-Triassic ammonites.
Endocerida is an extinct nautiloid order, a group of cephalopods from the Lower Paleozoic with cone-like deposits in their siphuncle. Endocerida was a diverse group of cephalopods that lived from the Early Ordovician possibly to the Late Silurian. Their shells were variable in form.
The eyeballs were likely thicker, stronger, and more convex than in other cephalopods. [15] The mantle cavity of cephalopods serves to contain the gills, gonads, and other organs; also, water is siphoned into and expelled out of the mantle cavity via a tube opening near the arms of the animal, the hyponome, for jet propulsion.