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Brain areas that undergo significant post-natal development, such as those involved in memory and emotion are more vulnerable to effects of early life stress. [ 58 ] [ 64 ] For example, the hippocampus continues to develop after birth and is a structure that is affected by childhood maltreatment. [ 64 ]
Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
Rats raised with environmental enrichment have thicker cerebral cortices (3.3–7%) that contain 25% more synapses. [5] [7] This effect of environmental richness upon the brain occurs whether it is experienced immediately following birth, [8] after weaning, [5] [7] [9] or during maturity. [10]
The most interesting angle for developmental neuroimaging is the ability to learn more about how changes to the brain system that occur throughout childhood affect the development of cognitive abilities. It also allows researchers to explore questions that are typically referred to as “nature” versus “nurture.”
Brain mapping can show how an animal's brain changes throughout its lifetime. As of 2021, scientists mapped and compared the whole brains of eight C. elegans worms across their development on the neuronal level [67] [68] and the complete wiring of a single mammalian muscle from birth to adulthood. [37]
Each of the studies' findings aims to help proper development of the brain while improving a wide variety of tasks such as speech, movement, comprehension, and memory. More so, the findings better explain the development induced by plasticity. It is known that during postnatal life a critical step to nervous system development is synapse ...
These receptors provide the brain with a source of information. As a result, they manipulate the brain's neural activation patterns, and thus its structure, leading to constraining effects on the construction of representations in the mind. The sensory systems limit the possible information the brain can receive and therefore act as a filter. [12]
Autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. Anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create the feelings that are ...