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  2. Symbiogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

    Transport proteins called porins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts and are also found in bacterial cell membranes. [67] [68] [69] A membrane lipid cardiolipin is exclusively found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial cell membranes. [70] Some mitochondria and some plastids contain single circular DNA ...

  3. Hypersensitive response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitive_response

    Hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism used by plants to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens.HR is characterized by the rapid death of cells in the local region surrounding an infection and it serves to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens to other parts of the plant.

  4. Endosymbiont - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont

    The Rhizobia-Legume symbiosis (bacteria-plant endosymbiosis) is a prime example of this modality. [21] The Rhizobia-legume symbiotic relationship is important for processes such as the formation of root nodules. It starts with flavonoids released by the legume host, which causes the rhizobia species (endosymbiont) to activate its Nod genes. [21]

  5. Plant disease resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance

    These colonist-derived effectors manipulate the host's cell physiology and development. As such, effectors offer examples of co-evolution (example: a fungal protein that functions outside of the fungus but inside of plant cells has evolved to take on plant-specific functions).

  6. Plant cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell

    Structure of a plant cell. Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or ...

  7. Viruses and bacteria have similarities, but the ways we ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/viruses-bacteria-similarities-ways...

    When the virus replicates faster than the immune system can control, it can destroy cells and harm the body, and it can even incite an over-zealous immune reaction that can cause other damage.

  8. Cyanobacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria

    Chloroplasts have many similarities with cyanobacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic-type ribosomes, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. [209] [210] The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells ...

  9. Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal-bacterial_endosymbiosis

    Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus. Many examples of endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and plants, algae and insects exist and have been well characterized, however fungal-bacteria endosymbiosis has been less well described.