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The typical hydrofluoric acid (HF) alkylation unit requires far less acid than a sulfuric acid unit to achieve the same volume of alkylate. The HF process only creates a small amount of organofluorine side products which are continuously removed from the reactor and the consumed HF is replenished.
The alkylation process takes place in the presence of an acid - in the Dangote refinery, this is sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4). The plant is called a sulphuric acid alkylation unit (SAAU). [54] The main technology for SAAU is the STRATCO process licensed by DuPont. It is a very established technology for alkylation in refineries.
The WSA process can also be used for the production of sulfuric acid from sulfur burning or regeneration of the spent acid from e.g., alkylation plants. Wet catalysis processes differ from other contact sulfuric acid processes in that the feed gas contains excess moisture when it comes into contact with the catalyst.
Electrophilic alkylation uses Lewis acids and Brønsted acids, sometimes both. Classically, Lewis acids, e.g., aluminium trichloride, are employed when the alkyl halide are used. Brønsted acids are used when alkylating with olefins. Typical catalysts are zeolites, i.e. solid acid catalysts, and sulfuric acid.
The process is based on the well-known wet sulfuric acid process (WSA), a process for recovering sulfur from various process gasses in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4). [1] [2] [3] The SNOX process is based on catalytic reactions and does not consume water or absorbents.
The contact process is a method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was originally used as the catalyst for this reaction; however, because it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5) has since been preferred.
Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites.
At low temperatures, in the presence of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4), isoparaffins such as isobutane reacted with olefins. [15] [17] [18] This alkylation process [4] was discovered in 1932 and commercialized in 1938. [19]
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