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The typical hydrofluoric acid (HF) alkylation unit requires far less acid than a sulfuric acid unit to achieve the same volume of alkylate. The HF process only creates a small amount of organofluorine side products which are continuously removed from the reactor and the consumed HF is replenished.
The process involves dehydrogenation of n-paraffins to olefins, and subsequent reaction with benzene using HF as catalyst. For example, in oil refineries "alkylate", a component of high- octane petrol ( gasoline ), is generated in alkylation units, which combine C 3 and C 4 olefins and iso -butane .
The company invented an HF alkylation process in 1940. [13] The American petrochemical industry took off, first making such as styrene , ethylene , propylene and butadiene . [ 2 ] After the war, it formed a subsidiary, Phillips Chemical Co., which entered the fertilizer business by producing anhydrous ammonia from natural gas. [ 14 ]
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and aluminium chloride (AlCl 3) are the two major catalysts for the alkylation of benzene with linear mono-olefins. The HF-based process is commercially dominant; however, the risk of releasing HF (a poisonous substance) into the environment became a concern particularly after the Clean Air Act Amendment. In 1995, a solid ...
Alkylation in petroleum refining is a process through which olefins and parafins are combined to form high molecular weight isoparaffins. [3] Alkylation uses hydrofluoric acid (hf acid), a highly corrosive substance that dissolves a wide range of materials, particularly the oxides. Monel valves are generally used in the most critical phases of ...
Because, however, the product ketone forms a rather stable complex with Lewis acids such as AlCl 3, a stoichiometric amount or more of the "catalyst" must generally be employed, unlike the case of the Friedel–Crafts alkylation, in which the catalyst is constantly regenerated. [13] Reaction conditions are similar to the Friedel–Crafts ...
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation , a free radical , a carbanion , or a carbene (or their equivalents).
Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water.Solutions of HF are colorless, acidic and highly corrosive.A common concentration is 49% (48-52%) but there are also stronger solutions (e.g. 70%) and pure HF has a boiling point near room temperature.