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The simplest routing problem, called the Steiner tree problem, of finding the shortest route for one net in one layer with no obstacles and no design rules is known to be NP-complete, both in the case where all angles are allowed or if routing is restricted to only horizontal and vertical wires. [1]
For example, an election management system used with electronic voting must make election results available to the public while at the same time it must be immune to attack. [ 13 ] This model is applicable to a variety of critical infrastructure protection problems, where protection of the data in a network is less important than reliable ...
It is one of the well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns, which describe how to solve recurring problems in object-oriented software. [1] The pattern is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across a system. More specifically, the singleton pattern allows classes to: [2] Ensure they only have one instance
An example of this is the function block diagram, one of five programming languages defined in part 3 of the IEC 61131 (see IEC 61131-3) standard that is highly formalized (see formal system), with strict rules for how diagrams are to be built. Directed lines are used to connect input variables to block inputs, and block outputs to output ...
SOD addresses design for human activity systems and can be applied to any kind of design problem ranging from product design and interaction design through architecture to decision-making processes and policy design. SOD is a variation in the pluralistic field of Systemic Design. It is one of the most practice and design-oriented versions of ...
A grid computing system that connects many personal computers over the Internet via inter-process network communication. In computer science, interprocess communication (IPC) is the sharing of data between running processes in a computer system. Mechanisms for IPC may be provided by an operating system.
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The basic study of system design is the understanding of component parts and their subsequent interaction with one another. [ 1 ] Systems design has appeared in a variety of fields, including sustainability, [ 2 ] computer/software architecture, [ 3 ] and sociology.