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The parma was about 36 inches (91 cm) across (or less) and had iron in its frame, making it a very effective piece of armour. Parmae had handles and shield bosses (umbones). The parma was used by legionnaires in the early republican period of Rome's history, by the lowest class division of the army— the velites.
It had a handle and a shield boss (umbo). The parma was used in the Roman army of the mid-Republic, by the lowest class division of the army — the velites. The velites' equipment consisted of a parma, javelin, sword and helmet. Later, the parma was replaced by the scutum.
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Parma (shield) S. Scutum; Shield of Aeneas; T. Testudo formation This page was last edited on 18 May 2015, at 01:00 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative ...
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The scutum was a 10-kilogram (22 lb) [13] large rectangle curved shield made from three sheets of wood glued together and covered with canvas and leather, usually with a spindle shaped boss along the vertical length of the shield.
Clipeus of Iupiter-Ammon, conserved at the Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona A Victorian depiction of a hoplite with a clipeus. In the military of classical antiquity, a clipeus (Latin: [ˈklɪpeʊs̠]; Ancient Greek: ἀσπίς) was a large shield worn by the Greek hoplites and Romans as a piece of defensive armor, which they carried upon the arm, to protect them from the blows of ...