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Cognitive restructuring (CR) is a psychotherapeutic process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts known as cognitive distortions, [1] such as all-or-nothing thinking (splitting), magical thinking, overgeneralization, magnification, [1] and emotional reasoning, which are commonly associated with many mental health disorders. [2]
The ABC stands for the activating event, beliefs that are irrational, and the consequences that come from the beliefs. Ellis wanted to prove that the activating event is not what caused the emotional behavior or the consequences, but the beliefs and how the person irrationally perceives the events which aid the consequences. [6]
Arbitrary inference is a classic tenet of cognitive therapy created by Aaron T. Beck in 1979. [1] He defines the act of making an arbitrary inference as the process of drawing a conclusion without sufficient evidence, or without any evidence at all.
Belief bias: Tendency to evaluate the logical strength of an argument based on current belief and perceived plausibility of the statement's conclusion. Framing: Tendency to narrow the description of a situation in order to guide to a selected conclusion. The same primer can be framed differently and therefore lead to different conclusions ...
Rationalists point out that many people hold irrational beliefs, for many reasons. There may be evolutionary causes for irrational beliefs—irrational beliefs may increase our ability to survive and reproduce. One more reason for irrational beliefs can perhaps be explained by operant conditioning.
[11] [12] Anchoring bias includes or involves the following: Common source bias, the tendency to combine or compare research studies from the same source, or from sources that use the same methodologies or data. [13] Conservatism bias, the tendency to insufficiently revise one's belief when presented with new evidence. [5] [14] [15]
Rational irrationality is not doublethink and does not state that the individual deliberately chooses to believe something he or she knows to be false. Rather, the theory is that when the costs of having erroneous beliefs are low, people relax their intellectual standards and allow themselves to be more easily influenced by fallacious reasoning, cognitive biases, and emotional appeals.
If a fair coin lands on heads 10 times in a row, the belief that it is "due to the number of times it had previously landed on tails" is incorrect. [61] Inverse gambler's fallacy – the inverse of the gambler's fallacy. It is the incorrect belief that on the basis of an unlikely outcome, the process must have happened many times before.