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A direct-readout theodolite, manufactured in the Soviet Union in 1958 and used for topographic surveying. A theodolite (/ θ i ˈ ɒ d ə ˌ l aɪ t /) [1] is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes.
In 1949, the gyro-theodolite – at that time called a "meridian pointer" or "meridian indicator" [2] – was first used by the Clausthal Mining Academy underground. Several years later it was improved with the addition of autocollimation telescopes. In 1960, the Fennel Kassel company produced the first of the KT1 series of gyro-theodolites. [3]
Diagram of measurements: D is the slant distance; S is the horizontal distance; Δh is the vertical distance. Tacheometry ( / ˌ t æ k i ˈ ɒ m ɪ t r i / ; from Greek for "quick measure") is a system of rapid surveying , by which the horizontal and vertical positions of points on the Earth's surface relative to one another are determined ...
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The permanent adjustments of theodolites are made to establish fixed relationship between the instrument's fundamental lines. The fundamental lines or axis of a transit theodolite include the following:- Vertical axis; Axis of plate levels; Axis of telescope; Line of collimation; Horizontal axis; Axis of altitude bubble and the vernier should ...
Ramsden made at least one other 3-foot (0.91 m) theodolite of which parts were discovered in Switzerland. [2] After his death his firm was inherited by Mathew Berge who is known to have constructed two more large instruments to Ramsden's design. [ 2 ]
The initial setting operation includes fixing the theodolite on a tripod, along with approximate levelling and centering over the station mark.For setting up the instrument, the tripod is placed over the station with its legs widely spread so that the centre of the tripod head lies above the station point and its head approximately level (by eye estimation).