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Because the process of macropinocytosis is non-specific, many pathogens take advantage of macropinosomes to infect their target cells. In this way, pathogens internalized in macropinosomes avoid barriers and obstructions that the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic crowding and cortical cytoskeleton pose when moving deeper into the cytoplasm. [1]
Pinocytosis. In cellular biology, pinocytosis, otherwise known as fluid endocytosis and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small molecules dissolved in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane, resulting in their containment within a small vesicle inside the cell.
Phagocytosis is the process by which cells bind and internalize particulate matter larger than around 0.75 μm in diameter, such as small-sized dust particles, cell debris, microorganisms and apoptotic cells. These processes involve the uptake of larger membrane areas than clathrin-mediated endocytosis and caveolae pathway.
Moreover, studies show that cellular entry of penetratin by endocytosis is an energy-dependent process. This process is initiated by polyarginines interacting with heparan sulphates that promote endocytosis. Research has shown that TAT is internalized through a form of endocytosis called macropinocytosis. [19] [20]
[18] [13] This incorporation process involves macropinocytosis, delivery to the lysosome, and export of free Neu5Gc to the cytosol via the sialin transporter. [18] [14] Because Neu5Gc differs from Neu5Ac by only one oxygen, it is handled like a native sialic acid by human biochemical pathways. [14]
19376 Ensembl ENSG00000109113 ENSMUSG00000002059 UniProt Q9BZG1 P0DI83 Q64008 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001142624 NM_001142625 NM_001144942 NM_001144943 NM_001256276 NM_001256277 NM_001256278 NM_001256281 NM_031934 NM_001159482 NM_033475 RefSeq (protein) NP_001136096 NP_001136097 NP_001138414 NP_001138415 NP_001243205 NP_001243206 NP_001243207 NP_001243210 NP_114140 NP_001243210.1 NP_001152954 NP ...
This process bypasses the endosomal-lysosomal route, which leads to the degradation of anionic liposome formulations. [13] Cationic liposomes in the lamellar phase deliver nucleic acids through endocytosis , specifically clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME), and macropinocytosis.
This process is initiated by the presence of phosphatidylserine molecules exposed on the MV cellular membrane. [9] Similarly, the outer membrane of EV fuses to the plasma membrane, specifically glycosaminoglycans, of the host cell and also enters via macropinocytosis.