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Macropinocytosis is a clathrin-independent endocytic mechanism that can be activated in practically all animal cells, resulting in uptake. In most cell types, it does not occur continuously but rather is induced for a limited time in response to cell-surface receptor activation by specific cargoes, including growth factors , ligands of ...
Here, both infectious forms of VACV, mature virion (MV) and enveloped virion (EV), induce their own macropinocytosis by binding to the cell surface and triggering an actin-mediated plasma membrane protrusion that eventually collapses back onto the plasma membrane sealing the attached virion inside a macropinosome, which then goes through a ...
The different types of endocytosis. Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested materials.
Mechanism of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination).
Schematic of different pathways of viral entry: (A) membrane fusion, (B) endocytosis, and (C) macropinocytosis Membrane fusion mediated by paramyxovirus fusion proteins. Cell entry by enveloped viruses is more complicated. Enveloped viruses enter the cell by attaching to an attachment factor located on the surface of the host cell.
Meaning [1] Latin (or Neo-Latin) origin [1] a.c. before meals: ante cibum a.d., ad, AD right ear auris dextra a.m., am, AM morning: ante meridiem: nocte every night Omne Nocte a.s., as, AS left ear auris sinistra a.u., au, AU both ears together or each ear aures unitas or auris uterque b.d.s, bds, BDS 2 times a day bis die sumendum b.i.d., bid, BID
In cell biology, efferocytosis (from efferre, Latin for 'to carry out' [1] (to the grave), extended meaning 'to bury') is the process by which apoptotic cells are removed by phagocytic cells. It can be regarded as the 'burying of dead cells'.
Macropinocytosis involves the folding of membrane into ruffles, [132] which creates large (0.2 to 1.0 μm) vacuoles. Micropinocytosis involves smaller vesicles that are usually formed by clathrin . In both scenarios, the vesicles merge into a digestive vacuole or endosome where digestion takes place. [ 129 ]