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The hydrogen combustion engine has a peak at high load and can achieve similar efficiency levels as a hydrogen fuel cell. [34] From this, one can deduce that hydrogen combustion engines are a match in terms of efficiency for fuel cells for heavy duty applications. Efficiency decreases for small internal combustion engines.
The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1959. It was used as a primary source of electrical energy in the Apollo space program. [41] The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a suitable catalyst such as Pt, Ag, CoO, etc.
2007 – Hydrogen 7 is powered by a dual-fuel internal combustion engine–liquid hydrogen 2007 – BMW H2R speed record car – ICE–liquid hydrogen CMB.TECH (Compagnie Maritime Belge)
Hydrogen fuel cell buses have historically been significantly more expensive to purchase and operate than diesel, hybrid or electric buses. [60] [64] In recent years, costs have been reduced to levels comparable with diesel buses. [66] A variety of bus manufacturers are currently producing hydrogen fuel cell buses.
A Johnson thermoelectric energy converter or JTEC is a type of solid-state heat engine that uses the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of hydrogen in a two-cell, thermal cycle that approximates the Ericsson cycle. [1] It is under investigation as a viable alternative to conventional thermoelectric conversion.
In 2008, The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator achieved straight-level flight on a crewed mission powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. 2008 - Aircraft, Boeing [80] 2015 - Drone, Intelligent Energy, UK tested successfully Drones with Hydrogen fuel cell engine. [81] 2016 - HY4 is the first passenger aircraft in Germany. [82]
1964 – Allis-Chalmers builds a 750-watt fuel cell to power a one-man underwater research vessel. [19] 1965 – The first commercial use of a fuel cell in Project Gemini. 1965 – Allis-Chalmers builds the first fuel cell golf carts. 1966 – General Motors presents Electrovan, the world's first fuel cell automobile. [20] 1966 – Slush hydrogen.
Arvin Meritor, a Tier 1 supplier of automotive technology, at one time, was experimenting with a plasma reformer technology which would use hydrogen produced from the fuel to enhance engine combustion efficiency and reduce emissions of NO x. [26] This reference states that a 20% to 30% increase in engine thermal efficiency is possible. However ...