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Tensile test of an Al-Mg-Si alloy. The local necking and the cup and cone fracture surfaces are typical for ductile metals. This tensile test of a nodular cast iron demonstrates low ductility. Ductility refers to the ability of a material to sustain significant plastic deformation before fracture. Plastic deformation is the permanent distortion ...
Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with yielding, a form of plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers. [1] Once necking has begun, the neck becomes the exclusive location of yielding in the material, as the reduced area gives the neck the largest local stress.
A general parameter that indicates the formability and ductility of a material is the fracture strain which is determined by a uniaxial tensile test (see also fracture toughness). The strain identified by this test is defined by elongation with respect to a reference length.
Work hardening occurs most notably for ductile materials such as metals. Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformations before fracture (for example, bending a steel rod until it finally breaks). The tensile test is widely used to study deformation mechanisms. This is because under compression, most materials will ...
After the neck has formed in the material, further plastic deformation is concentrated in the neck while the remainder of the material undergoes elastic contraction owing to the decrease in tensile force. The stress–strain curve for a ductile material can be approximated using the Ramberg–Osgood equation. [2]
Image source: Getty Images. Social Security's earnings test limits also rose in 2025. This year, seniors who work and collect benefits will be able to earn more money without risking having a ...
Depending on the type of material, size and geometry of the object, and the forces applied, various types of deformation may result. The image to the right shows the engineering stress vs. strain diagram for a typical ductile material such as steel.
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