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Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people. Another tool that has been used to predict frailty outcome post-surgery is the Modifies Frailty Index, or mFI-5. This scale consists of 5 key co-morbidities: [61]
Geriatricians have focused on holistic assessments of their patients since the early days of the specialty. Dr. Marjorie Warren was the first doctor in the UK to systematically assess older people, categorizing them into those who could be got better with appropriate treatment and then discharged, and those who needed continuing (usually institutional) care. [4]
[9] [11] Under this method, PACE serves as a cost-saving elderly care program that emphasizes on preventative, up-stream care. Notably, PACE programs saved California State $22.6 million in health care cost for elderly. [12] PACE programs organize their services in "PACE Centers". [10]
Frail elderly individuals may choose to decline some kinds of medical care, because the risk-benefit ratio is different. For example, frail elderly women routinely stop screening mammograms, because breast cancer is typically a slowly growing disease that would cause them no pain, impairment, or loss of life before they would die of other ...
The first prototype was known as the Medical Treatment Cover Sheet (MTC). [26] [27] This was created to have a standard to regulate medical orders for people with chronic illnesses. The list of treatments that were included on this form would include resuscitation, nutrition, intubation, antibiotics, and other preferred medical interventions. [28]
The exercise program is tailored to the patient's specific deficits, which may include walking speed, strength, balance, and coordination. A slow walking speed has been linked to an increased risk of falls; thus, exercises that enhance walking speed are crucial for safer and more functional ambulation. After initiating an exercise program, it ...
A writer in 1956 requested that nurses refocus their research to include major health issues of the time and how to support the frail elderly. [37] In the 1990s, research focus was put on how pain affected the daily lives of older adults. This research lead to improve pain identification and treatment across settings. [37]
A number of expert groups have proposed an increase in dietary protein recommendations for older age groups to 1.0–1.2 g/kg body weight per day. [48] [49] Ensuring adequate nutrition in older adults is of interest in the prevention of sarcopenia and frailty, since it is a simple, low-cost treatment approach without major side effects. [50]