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The NHS is one of the world's largest employers [3] and with the UK's spending on healthcare at over £140b in 2010 or 9.6% of national GDP, [4] it is a key component of the national economy. There is a generally recognised need to improve the NHS's ability to identify and adopt innovation.
Its predecessor was the NHS Research & Development programme which was established in 1991. Factors influencing the creation of the NIHR were the growing importance of evidence-based medicine in science and policymaking, the spread of New Public Management thinking and increased government funding. [1] Its budget was over £1.2 billion in 2020 ...
A sub-set of biomedical sciences is the science of clinical laboratory diagnosis. This is commonly referred to in the UK as 'biomedical science' or 'healthcare science'. [2] There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions: [3] specialisms involving life sciences
Y. N. Zhuravlev and V. A. Avetisov have analyzed Koshland's seven pillars from the context of primordial life and, though calling the concept "elegant," point out that the pillars of compartmentalization, program, and seclusion don't apply well to the non-differentiated earliest life. [3]
The NHS was established within the differing nations of the United Kingdom through differing legislation, and as such there has never been a singular British healthcare system, instead there are 4 health services in the United Kingdom; NHS England, the NHS Scotland, HSC Northern Ireland and NHS Wales, which were run by the respective UK government ministries for each home nation before falling ...
Some scientists have proposed in the last few decades that a general theory of living systems is required to explain the nature of life. [1] Such a general theory would arise out of the ecological and biological sciences and attempt to map general principles for how all living systems work.
A new study analyzes the possibility of such a collapse by creating models surrounding four of these pillars: the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Greenland Ice Sheet, and Amazon Rainforest, and the ...
The Donabedian model is a conceptual model that provides a framework for examining health services and evaluating quality of health care. [1] According to the model, information about quality of care can be drawn from three categories: "structure", "process", and "outcomes". [2]