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Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea include: early age at menarche, long or heavy menstrual periods, smoking, and a family history of dysmenorrhea. [12] Dysmenorrhea is a highly polygenic and heritable condition. [23] There is strong evidence of familial predisposition and genetic factors increasing susceptibility to dysmenorrhea.
Patients experiencing amenorrhea due to hypothyroidism may be started with thyroid replacement therapy. Dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine are used in patients with pituitary adenomas . Amenorrhea associated with gonadal dysgenesis or a hypoestrogenic state may be treated with oral contraceptives, patches, or vaginal rings.
Reading in the book "Growth and change" about menstruation and puberty (Tanzania) Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) or menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) is the access to menstrual hygiene products to absorb or collect the flow of blood during menstruation, privacy to change the materials, and access to facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials. [1]
Laparoscopic identification is helpful in diagnosing tubal disease; a 65 percent to 90 percent positive predictive value exists in patients with presumed PID. [ 25 ] Upon gynecologic ultrasound , a potential finding is tubo-ovarian complex , which is edematous and dilated pelvic structures as evidenced by vague margins, but without abscess ...
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disruptive set of emotional and physical symptoms that regularly occur in the one to two weeks before the start of each menstrual period. [4] [5] Symptoms resolve around the time menstrual bleeding begins. [4]
Menstrual Hygiene Day (MHD, MH Day in short) is an annual awareness day on May 28 to highlight the importance of good menstrual hygiene management (MHM) at a global level. It was initiated by the German-based NGO WASH United in 2013 and observed for the first time in 2014.
Reproductive tract infection (RTI) are infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the reproductive system.For females, reproductive tract infections can affect the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus) and the lower reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and vulva); for males these infections affect the penis, testicles, urethra or the vas deferens.
One cause of hypomenorrhea is Asherman's syndrome (intrauterine adhesions), of which hypomenorrhea (or amenorrhea) may be the only apparent sign.The degree of menstrual deficiency is closely correlated to the extent of the adhesions.