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In forward pipetting, an exactly set volume of liquid is aspired to the tip and then it is delivered to a new vessel. This is achieved by creating vacuum by means of the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve.
A number of common pipetting techniques have been identified as potentially hazardous due to biomechanical stress factors. Recommendations for corrective pipetting actions, made by various US governmental agencies and ergonomics experts, are presented below.
Reverse pipetting is a technique to dispense a measured quantity of liquid by means of air displacement pipette.The technique is mainly recommended for solutions with a high viscosity or a tendency to foam: [1] as it reduces the risk of splashing, foam or bubble formation.
There are several methods available to isolate and amplify cells for single-cell analysis. Low throughput techniques are able to isolate hundreds of cells, are slow, and enable selection. These methods include: Micropipetting; Cytoplasmic aspiration; Laser capture microdissection.
The main techniques associated with the use of a Schlenk line include: counterflow additions, where air-stable reagents are added to the reaction vessel against a flow of inert gas; the use of syringes and rubber septa to transfer liquids and solutions; [ 6 ]
These techniques prevent the compounds from reacting with components of air, usually water and oxygen; less commonly carbon dioxide and nitrogen. A common theme among these techniques is the use of a fine (10 0 –10 −3 Torr) or high (10 −3 –10 −6 Torr) vacuum to remove air, and the use of an inert gas: preferably argon, but often nitrogen.
Positioning test probes onto a microchip Electrophysiological setup. Micromanipulators are used to position microelectrodes. Movement reduction can be performed by mechanical levers, hydraulically using pistons of different diameters connected by tubing containing non-compressible fluid, electronically using stepper motors or linear actuators, or combinations of techniques in one instrument.
Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
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