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The prototypical example is the ring of integers with the two operations of addition and multiplication. The rational, real and complex numbers are commutative rings of a type called fields. A unital associative algebra over a commutative ring R is itself a ring as well as an R-module. Some examples: The algebra R[X] of polynomials with ...
One defines the ring of integers of a non-archimedean local field F as the set of all elements of F with absolute value ≤ 1; this is a ring because of the strong triangle inequality. [12] If F is the completion of an algebraic number field, its ring of integers is the completion of the latter's ring of integers. The ring of integers of an ...
The concept of the Jacobson radical of a ring; that is, the intersection of all right (left) annihilators of simple right (left) modules over a ring, is one example. The fact that the Jacobson radical can be viewed as the intersection of all maximal right (left) ideals in the ring, shows how the internal structure of the ring is reflected by ...
Algebra over a ring (also R-algebra): a module over a commutative ring R, which also carries a multiplication operation that is compatible with the module structure. This includes distributivity over addition and linearity with respect to multiplication by elements of R. Algebra over a field: This is a ring which is also a vector space over a ...
Given a commutative ring A, an A-extension or an extension of an A-algebra is defined in the same way by replacing "ring" with "algebra over A" and "abelian groups" with "A-modules". An extension is said to be trivial or to split if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } splits; i.e., ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } admits a section that is a ring homomorphism [ 2 ...
Again this composition ring has no multiplicative unit; if R is a field, it is in fact a subring of the formal power series example. The set of all functions from R to R under pointwise addition and multiplication, and with ∘ {\displaystyle \circ } given by composition of functions, is a composition ring.
In algebra, the dual numbers are a hypercomplex number system first introduced in the 19th century. They are expressions of the form a + bε, where a and b are real numbers, and ε is a symbol taken to satisfy = with .
In abstract algebra, a representation of an associative algebra is a module for that algebra. Here an associative algebra is a (not necessarily unital) ring.If the algebra is not unital, it may be made so in a standard way (see the adjoint functors page); there is no essential difference between modules for the resulting unital ring, in which the identity acts by the identity mapping, and ...
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