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Continuous changes, like growth in stature, involve fairly gradual and predictable progress toward adult characteristics. When developmental change is discontinuous, however, researchers may identify not only milestones of development, but related age periods often called stages.
Physical development. Typically grows at a similar rate to the previous month, usually growing between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gaining about 2 pounds (910 g). [23] Resting heart rate is usually between 80 and 160 beats per minute, and it typically stays within that range until the infant is about one year old. [18] Motor development
The development of the human mind is complex and a debated subject, and may take place in a continuous or discontinuous fashion. [4] Continuous development, like the height of a child, is measurable and quantitative, while discontinuous development is qualitative, like hair or skin color, where those traits fall only under a few specific phenotypes. [5]
An important characteristic of this age period is the development of language, where children are learning how to communicate and express their emotions and desires through the use of vocal sounds, babbling, and eventually words. [104]
Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) – insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin. [25] GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors.
Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.
Development at this stage also includes periods of reevaluation regarding life satisfaction, sustainment of active involvement, and developing a sense of health maintenance. [41] Developmental conflicts may arise in this stage, but psychological growth in earlier stages can help significantly in resolving these conflicts. [42]
Adult development is a somewhat new area of study in the field of psychology. Previously it was assumed that development would cease at the end of adolescence. Further research has concluded that development continues well after adolescence and into late adulthood.